Peru - Government
Based on the etymolgy of Peru, it was exact meaning is obscure, but the name may derive from a native word "biru" meaning "river". The Government system in this country is the presidential republic type and the different Administrative divisions includes: 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
National symbols
Vicuna (a camelid related to the llama); national colors: red, white.
The flag
The National flag of Peru has three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace.
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The National Anthem
| Title | "Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru) |
|---|---|
| Lyric/music | Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO |
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note: adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest
More about the government of Peru
| Date of Independence | 28 July 1821 (from Spain) |
|---|---|
| National holiday | Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821) |
| Legal system | civil law system |
| International law organization participation | accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction |
| Constitution | |
| History | Several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993 |
| Amendments | Proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2021 |
| Citizenship | |
| Citizenship by birth | yes |
| Citizenship by descent only | yes |
| Dual citizenship recognized | yes |
| Residency requirement for naturalization | 2 years |
| Executive Branch | |
| Chief of state | President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022) |
| Head of government | President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022) |
| Cabinet | Council of Ministers appointed by the president |
| Elections/appointments | president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 11 April 2021 with a runoff on 6 June 2021 (next to be held in April 2026) |
| Election results | 2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9% 2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9% |
| Legislative branch | |
| Description | Unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la República del Perú (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve single 5-year terms) |
| Elections | Last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026) |
| Election results | percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Free Peru 32, Popular Force 24, AP 15, APP 15, AvP 10, RP 9, Democratic Peru 7, We Are Peru 5, PP 5, JP 5, Purple Party 3; composition - men 80, women 50, percentage women 40% |
| Judicial branch | |
| Highest court(s) | Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors) |
| Judge selection and term of office | Justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 |
| Subordinate courts | Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | |
| Chief of mission | Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024) |
| Chancery | 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 |
| Telephone | [1] (202) 833-9860 |
| FAX | [1] (202) 659-8124 |
| Email address and website | [email protected] Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe) |
| Consulate(s) general | Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | |
| Chief of mission | Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires John T. McNAMARA (since 8 September 2023) |
| Embassy | Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33 |
| Mailing address | 3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230 |
| Telephone | [51] (1) 618-2000 |
| FAX | [51] (1) 618-2724 |
| Email address and website | [email protected] https://pe.usembassy.gov/ |
| National heritage | |
| Total World Heritage Sites | 13 (9 cultural, 2 natural, 2 mixed) |
| Selected World Heritage Site locales | Cuzco (c); Machu Picchu (m); Chavin (c); Historic Lima (c); Huascarán National Park (n); Chan Chan (c); Manú National Park (n); Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca (c); Rio Abiseo National Park (m); Historic Arequipa (c); Sacred City of Caral-Supe (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c) |
Key Political parties and their leaders in Peru
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Advance the Nation (Avanza País) or AvP [Aldo BORRERO Zeta]
International organization participation
All Important Facts about Peru
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